Almost 40 per cent of adults are economically inactive: How governments are ignoring the UK’s human potential

The government must wake up to the “huge waste in human potential” as new research highlights that 40 per cent or two in five adults aged 16+ are economically inactive.

Research looking back over 30 years by Bayes Business School (formerly Cass) and the International Longevity Centre (ILC) shows that the UK labour market will suffer because of factors including a shortage of active workers, too many inactive workers are long-term sick, men now work significantly less than they used to, and the gap between jobs and skills is growing.

The report adds that the government must focus on a joined-up plan to increase productivity, because of the impact of the cost-of-living crisis on workers income alongside rising health care costs. With 2.5 million of the 8.9 million inactive adults aged 16-64 registered as long-term sick and the UK population expected to grow by seven per cent to 72 million by 2040, the report says a workforce strategy focusing on incentivising workers and resolving pay issues, plus issues surrounding skills and health inequalities, would make all the difference.

The report comes out as the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) announced a rise in the number of 50 to 64-year-olds coming out of retirement, with the data showing five per cent of economically inactive adults would look to return to workforce (up from 3.8 per cent). It follows Chancellor Jeremy Hunt’s plea to the one million non-students who have taken early retirement since the pandemic to return to work.

Professor Les Mayhew, report author, says the IFS findings buck the long-term trends as they are only based on the final three months of 2022.

“There is a danger in just looking at a couple of data points. The uptick is welcome but very small and is dwarfed by the increase and number of people that are inactive due to long-term sickness,” said Professor Mayhew.

“Our research is a more reliable commentary on what has been going on in labour markets. Proportionally fewer men are economically active, there is a huge rise in part-time working, while the proportion of people working in manufacturing and manual occupations is very low and continues to fall. Add to this the rise in long-term sickness and I think the UK plc needs to be concerned.”

Professor Mayhew says the increase in the number of older people working beyond state pension age following the removal of the default retirement age has plateaued, adding that this “worrisome trend” is despite the fact that the rate of economic activity is no higher now than it was in 1992.

“While economic inactivity has increased in most countries during the pandemic, the UK is one of the few developed economies where it has still not rebounded. The stagnation of the workforce isquite galling. This is despite the removal of the default retirement age and other work-friendly pension reforms in the interim period.

“Policymakers need to come up with a solution to support a rise in productivity. A narrow lens is not the way to uplift what is a dangerous trend towards increased inequalities and economic struggles.”

Is the UK labour market still working? by Professor Les Mayhew and Dr Vivien Burrows can be read in full here.

Ends

Notes to editors

The report from Bayes Business School and the ILC highlights:

• There are now only 1.7 economically active workers for each inactive adult aged 16+. This level is the same as it was 30 years ago in 1992.
• Of the 8.9m inactive adults under 65, 2.5 million are long term sick, almost a 0.5m increase since 2019.
• Despite an 18 per cent increase in the population since 1992, the number of economically active women has increased by 31 per cent, and the number of economically active men has increased by only 11 per cent. Meanwhile the number of women working full-time has increased by 49 per cent, the number of men working part-time is up by 130 per cent.
• Since 1992, jobs in manufacturing have declined by 37 per cent, while jobs in service sectors are up by 74 per cent. Previous ILC research estimates a shortfall of 2.6m workers by 2030 – yet economic activity rates among 18-24 years olds are almost 50 per cent of the level in 1992 exacerbating labour shortages elsewhere in the economy.